!du -ms *

17640	25632429.zip
80	abilities_scores.gzip
1412	detailed_work_activities_scores.gzip
2	load_datasets.ipynb
3	syllabi.gzip
16146	tasks_scores.gzip

import pandas as pd

file_path= './syllabi.gzip'
df1 = pd.read_csv(file_path, compression='gzip')

df1.columns

Index(['id', 'year', 'field_name', 'institution_name', 'UnitID', 'state_code',
       'city', 'syllabi_cnt', 'syllabi_probability'],
      dtype='object')

df1.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 281153 entries, 0 to 281152
Data columns (total 9 columns):
 #   Column               Non-Null Count   Dtype  
---  ------               --------------   -----  
 0   id                   281153 non-null  int64  
 1   year                 281153 non-null  int64  
 2   field_name           281153 non-null  object 
 3   institution_name     281153 non-null  object 
 4   UnitID               281153 non-null  int64  
 5   state_code           281153 non-null  object 
 6   city                 281153 non-null  object 
 7   syllabi_cnt          281153 non-null  int64  
 8   syllabi_probability  281153 non-null  float64
dtypes: float64(1), int64(4), object(4)
memory usage: 19.3+ MB

df1[['field_name']]

df1[df1.field_name == 'Computer Science']

cs_idx = 11

file_path= './abilities_scores.gzip'
df2 = pd.read_csv(file_path, compression='gzip')

df2.columns

Index(['id', 'Selective Attention', 'Time Sharing', 'Category Flexibility',
       'Deductive Reasoning', 'Fluency of Ideas', 'Inductive Reasoning',
       'Information Ordering', 'Originality', 'Problem Sensitivity',
       'Memorization', 'Flexibility of Closure', 'Perceptual Speed',
       'Speed of Closure', 'Mathematical Reasoning', 'Number Facility',
       'Spatial Orientation', 'Visualization', 'Oral Comprehension',
       'Oral Expression', 'Written Comprehension', 'Written Expression',
       'Stamina', 'Dynamic Flexibility', 'Extent Flexibility',
       'Gross Body Coordination', 'Gross Body Equilibrium', 'Dynamic Strength',
       'Explosive Strength', 'Static Strength', 'Trunk Strength',
       'Control Precision', 'Multilimb Coordination', 'Rate Control',
       'Response Orientation', 'Arm-Hand Steadiness', 'Finger Dexterity',
       'Manual Dexterity', 'Reaction Time', 'Speed of Limb Movement',
       'Wrist-Finger Speed', 'Auditory Attention', 'Hearing Sensitivity',
       'Sound Localization', 'Speech Clarity', 'Speech Recognition',
       'Depth Perception', 'Far Vision', 'Glare Sensitivity', 'Near Vision',
       'Night Vision', 'Peripheral Vision', 'Visual Color Discrimination'],
      dtype='object')

len(df2.columns)

53

df2.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 281153 entries, 0 to 281152
Data columns (total 53 columns):
 #   Column                       Non-Null Count   Dtype  
---  ------                       --------------   -----  
 0   id                           281153 non-null  int64  
 1   Selective Attention          281153 non-null  float64
 2   Time Sharing                 281153 non-null  float64
 3   Category Flexibility         281153 non-null  float64
 4   Deductive Reasoning          281153 non-null  float64
 5   Fluency of Ideas             281153 non-null  float64
 6   Inductive Reasoning          281153 non-null  float64
 7   Information Ordering         281153 non-null  float64
 8   Originality                  281153 non-null  float64
 9   Problem Sensitivity          281153 non-null  float64
 10  Memorization                 281153 non-null  float64
 11  Flexibility of Closure       281153 non-null  float64
 12  Perceptual Speed             281153 non-null  float64
 13  Speed of Closure             281153 non-null  float64
 14  Mathematical Reasoning       281153 non-null  float64
 15  Number Facility              281153 non-null  float64
 16  Spatial Orientation          281153 non-null  float64
 17  Visualization                281153 non-null  float64
 18  Oral Comprehension           281153 non-null  float64
 19  Oral Expression              281153 non-null  float64
 20  Written Comprehension        281153 non-null  float64
 21  Written Expression           281153 non-null  float64
 22  Stamina                      281153 non-null  float64
 23  Dynamic Flexibility          281153 non-null  float64
 24  Extent Flexibility           281153 non-null  float64
 25  Gross Body Coordination      281153 non-null  float64
 26  Gross Body Equilibrium       281153 non-null  float64
 27  Dynamic Strength             281153 non-null  float64
 28  Explosive Strength           281153 non-null  float64
 29  Static Strength              281153 non-null  float64
 30  Trunk Strength               281153 non-null  float64
 31  Control Precision            281153 non-null  float64
 32  Multilimb Coordination       281153 non-null  float64
 33  Rate Control                 281153 non-null  float64
 34  Response Orientation         281153 non-null  float64
 35  Arm-Hand Steadiness          281153 non-null  float64
 36  Finger Dexterity             281153 non-null  float64
 37  Manual Dexterity             281153 non-null  float64
 38  Reaction Time                281153 non-null  float64
 39  Speed of Limb Movement       281153 non-null  float64
 40  Wrist-Finger Speed           281153 non-null  float64
 41  Auditory Attention           281153 non-null  float64
 42  Hearing Sensitivity          281153 non-null  float64
 43  Sound Localization           281153 non-null  float64
 44  Speech Clarity               281153 non-null  float64
 45  Speech Recognition           281153 non-null  float64
 46  Depth Perception             281153 non-null  float64
 47  Far Vision                   281153 non-null  float64
 48  Glare Sensitivity            281153 non-null  float64
 49  Near Vision                  281153 non-null  float64
 50  Night Vision                 281153 non-null  float64
 51  Peripheral Vision            281153 non-null  float64
 52  Visual Color Discrimination  281153 non-null  float64
dtypes: float64(52), int64(1)
memory usage: 113.7 MB

# file_path= './detailed_work_activities_scores.gzip'
# df3 = pd.read_csv(file_path, compression='gzip')

filename = './detailed_work_activities_scores.gzip'
for chunk in pd.read_csv(filename, compression='gzip', chunksize = 1000):
    columns = chunk.columns
    df3 = chunk
    break

len(df3.columns)

2071

df3[3:5]

df3.iloc[cs_idx]

id                                                                            100011.0000
Review art or design materials.                                                    0.4010
Study details of musical compositions.                                             0.2622
Review production information to determine costume or makeup requirements.         0.3125
Study scripts to determine project requirements.                                   0.4436
                                                                                 ...     
Monitor availability of equipment or supplies.                                     0.3364
Inventory materials or equipment.                                                  0.3389
Inventory medical supplies or equipment.                                           0.3370
Monitor inventories of products or materials.                                      0.3132
Monitor resources.                                                                 0.3066
Name: 11, Length: 2071, dtype: float64

print(list(df3.columns)[:100])

['id', 'Review art or design materials.', 'Study details of musical compositions.', 'Review production information to determine costume or makeup requirements.', 'Study scripts to determine project requirements.', 'Read materials to determine needed actions.', 'Read maps to determine routes.', 'Review customer information.', 'Read work orders or other instructions to determine product specifications or materials requirements.', 'Read technical information needed to perform maintenance or repairs.', 'Study blueprints or other instructions to determine equipment setup requirements.', 'Read documents to gather technical information.', 'Review technical documents to plan work.', 'Review blueprints or specifications to determine work requirements.', 'Review work orders or schedules to determine operations or procedures.', 'Review blueprints or other instructions to determine operational methods or sequences.', 'Evaluate reports or designs to determine work needs.', 'Read work orders or descriptions of problems to determine repairs or modifications needed.', 'Interpret blueprints, specifications, or diagrams to inform installation, development or operation activities.', 'Review details of technical drawings or specifications.', 'Read work orders to determine material or setup requirements.', 'Collect evidence for legal proceedings.', 'Examine crime scenes to obtain evidence.', 'Investigate crimes committed within organizations.', 'Investigate legal issues.', 'Examine records or other types of data to investigate criminal activities.', 'Conduct hearings to investigate legal issues.', 'Investigate illegal or suspicious activities.', 'Obtain property information.', 'Use databases to locate investigation details or other information.', 'Search information sources to find specific data.', 'Gather financial records.', 'Retrieve information from electronic sources.', 'Gather information in order to provide services to clients.', 'Search files, databases or reference materials to obtain needed information.', 'Collect archival data.', 'Evaluate information related to legal matters in public or personal records.', 'Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making.', 'Gather organizational performance information.', 'Gather information about work conditions or locations.', 'Gather physical survey data.', 'Collect data about project sites.', 'Obtain information about goods or services.', 'Research hydrologic features or processes.', 'Research geological features or processes.', 'Conduct climatological research.', 'Conduct surveys in organizations.', 'Research industrial processes or operations.', 'Conduct scientific research of organizational behavior or processes.', 'Research impacts of environmental conservation initiatives.', 'Research issues related to the environment or sustainable business practices.', 'Investigate the environmental impact of projects.', 'Monitor environmental impacts of production or development activities.', 'Research environmental impact of industrial or development activities.', 'Identify environmental concerns.', 'Evaluate environmental impact of operational or development activities.', 'Gather information for news stories.', 'Gather medical information from patient histories.', 'Collect medical information from patients, family members, or other medical professionals.', 'Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.', 'Collect information about clients.', 'Research livestock management methods.', 'Research crop management methods.', 'Research sustainable agricultural processes or practices.', 'Conduct market research.', 'Gather customer or product information to determine customer needs.', 'Obtain personal or financial information about customers or applicants.', 'Conduct opinion surveys or needs assessments.', 'Collect data about customer needs.', "Observe individuals' activities to gather information or compile evidence.", 'Investigate personal characteristics or activities of individuals.', 'Research genetic characteristics or expression.', 'Research diseases or parasites.', 'Conduct research of processes in natural or industrial ecosystems.', 'Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.', 'Classify organisms based on their characteristics or behavior.', 'Examine characteristics or behavior of living organisms.', 'Obtain documentation to authorize activities.', 'Obtain copyrights or other legal permissions.', 'Obtain written authorization to perform activities.', 'Conduct anthropological or archaeological research.', 'Conduct historical research.', 'Conduct research on social issues.', 'Research social issues.', 'Conduct research to increase knowledge about medical issues.', 'Collect information about community health needs.', 'Research engineering aspects of biological or chemical processes.', 'Research engineering applications of emerging technologies.', 'Research design or application of green technologies.', 'Conduct research to gain information about products or processes.', 'Research advanced engineering designs or applications.', 'Research energy production, use, or conservation.', 'Research human performance or health factors related to engineering or design activities.', 'Research new technologies.', 'Research product safety.', 'Research methods to improve food products.', 'Investigate accidents to determine causes.', 'Examine debris to obtain information about causes of fires.', 'Investigate transportation incidents, violations, or complaints.', 'Investigate industrial or transportation accidents.']

df3.iloc[cs_idx][['Develop specifications for computer network operation.', 
                  'Design software applications.', 
                  'Develop models of information or communications systems.']]

Develop specifications for computer network operation.      0.465
Design software applications.                               0.350
Develop models of information or communications systems.    0.348
Name: 11, dtype: float64

filename = './tasks_scores.gzip'
for chunk in pd.read_csv(filename, compression='gzip', chunksize = 10):
    columns = chunk.columns
    df = chunk
    print(list(chunk.columns)[:100])
    print(len(list(chunk.columns)))
    break

['id', 'Resolve customer complaints regarding sales and service.', 'Monitor customer preferences to determine focus of sales efforts.', 'Determine price schedules and discount rates.', 'Review operational records and reports to project sales and determine profitability.', 'Confer or consult with department heads to plan advertising services and to secure information on equipment and customer specifications.', 'Advise dealers and distributors on policies and operating procedures to ensure functional effectiveness of business.', 'Prepare budgets and approve budget expenditures.', 'Represent company at trade association meetings to promote products.', 'Plan and direct staffing, training, and performance evaluations to develop and control sales and service programs.', 'Visit franchised dealers to stimulate interest in establishment or expansion of leasing programs.', 'Oversee regional and local sales managers and their staffs.', 'Direct clerical staff to keep records of export correspondence, bid requests, and credit collections, and to maintain current information on tariffs, licenses, and restrictions.', 'Direct foreign sales and service outlets of an organization.', 'Assess marketing potential of new and existing store locations, considering statistics and expenditures.', 'Direct or coordinate the supportive services department of a business, agency, or organization.', 'Set goals and deadlines for the department.', 'Prepare and review operational reports and schedules to ensure accuracy and efficiency.', 'Analyze internal processes and recommend and implement procedural or policy changes to improve operations, such as supply changes or the disposal of records.', 'Acquire, distribute and store supplies.', 'Plan, administer, and control budgets for contracts, equipment, and supplies.', 'Hire and terminate clerical and administrative personnel.', 'Conduct classes to teach procedures to staff.', 'Direct or coordinate production, processing, distribution, or marketing activities of industrial organizations.', 'Develop budgets or approve expenditures for supplies, materials, or human resources, ensuring that materials, labor, or equipment are used efficiently to meet production targets.', 'Review processing schedules or production orders to make decisions concerning inventory requirements, staffing requirements, work procedures, or duty assignments, considering budgetary limitations and time constraints.', 'Review operations and confer with technical or administrative staff to resolve production or processing problems.', 'Hire, train, evaluate, or discharge staff or resolve personnel grievances.', 'Initiate or coordinate inventory or cost control programs.', 'Prepare and maintain production reports or personnel records.', 'Set and monitor product standards, examining samples of raw products or directing testing during processing, to ensure finished products are of prescribed quality.', 'Develop or implement production tracking or quality control systems, analyzing production, quality control, maintenance, or other operational reports to detect production problems.', 'Review plans and confer with research or support staff to develop new products or processes.', 'Coordinate or recommend procedures for facility or equipment maintenance or modification, including the replacement of machines.', 'Maintain current knowledge of the quality control field, relying on current literature pertaining to materials use, technological advances, or statistical studies.', 'Negotiate materials prices with suppliers.', 'Direct, supervise and evaluate work activities of medical, nursing, technical, clerical, service, maintenance, and other personnel.', 'Establish objectives and evaluative or operational criteria for units managed.', 'Direct or conduct recruitment, hiring, and training of personnel.', 'Develop and maintain computerized record management systems to store and process data, such as personnel activities and information, and to produce reports.', 'Develop and implement organizational policies and procedures for the facility or medical unit.', 'Conduct and administer fiscal operations, including accounting, planning budgets, authorizing expenditures, establishing rates for services, and coordinating financial reporting.', 'Establish work schedules and assignments for staff, according to workload, space, and equipment availability.', 'Maintain communication between governing boards, medical staff, and department heads by attending board meetings and coordinating interdepartmental functioning.', 'Monitor the use of diagnostic services, inpatient beds, facilities, and staff to ensure effective use of resources and assess the need for additional staff, equipment, and services.', 'Maintain awareness of advances in medicine, computerized diagnostic and treatment equipment, data processing technology, government regulations, health insurance changes, and financing options.', 'Manage change in integrated health care delivery systems, such as work restructuring, technological innovations, and shifts in the focus of care.', 'Prepare activity reports to inform management of the status and implementation plans of programs, services, and quality initiatives.', 'Plan, implement, and administer programs and services in a health care or medical facility, including personnel administration, training, and coordination of medical, nursing and physical plant staff.', 'Consult with medical, business, and community groups to discuss service problems, respond to community needs, enhance public relations, coordinate activities and plans, and promote health programs.', 'Inspect facilities and recommend building or equipment modifications to ensure emergency readiness and compliance to access, safety, and sanitation regulations.', 'Review and analyze facility activities and data to aid planning and cash and risk management and to improve service utilization.', 'Develop or expand and implement medical programs or health services that promote research, rehabilitation, and community health.', 'Develop instructional materials and conduct in-service and community-based educational programs.', 'Monitor and analyze sales records, trends, or economic conditions to anticipate consumer buying patterns, company sales, and needed inventory.', 'Authorize payment of invoices or return of merchandise.', 'Consult with store or merchandise managers about budgets or goods to be purchased.', 'Train or supervise sales or clerical staff.', 'Provide clerks with information to print on price tags, such as price, mark-ups or mark-downs, manufacturer number, season code, or style number.', 'Determine which products should be featured in advertising, the advertising medium to be used, or when the ads should be run.', "Monitor competitors' sales activities by following their advertisements in newspapers or other media.", 'Analyze blueprints and other documentation to prepare time, cost, materials, and labor estimates.', 'Assess cost effectiveness of products, projects or services, tracking actual costs relative to bids as the project develops.', 'Consult with clients, vendors, personnel in other departments, or construction foremen to discuss and formulate estimates and resolve issues.', 'Confer with engineers, architects, owners, contractors, and subcontractors on changes and adjustments to cost estimates.', 'Prepare estimates used by management for purposes such as planning, organizing, and scheduling work.', 'Prepare estimates for use in selecting vendors or subcontractors.', 'Review material and labor requirements to decide whether it is more cost-effective to produce or purchase components.', 'Prepare cost and expenditure statements and other necessary documentation at regular intervals for the duration of the project.', 'Prepare and maintain a directory of suppliers, contractors and subcontractors.', 'Set up cost monitoring and reporting systems and procedures.', 'Establish and maintain tendering process, and conduct negotiations.', 'Conduct special studies to develop and establish standard hour and related cost data or to reduce cost.', 'Visit site and record information about access, drainage and topography, and availability of utility services.', 'Keep up with developments in area of expertise by reading current journals, books, or magazine articles.', 'Present information with a variety of instructional techniques or formats, such as role playing, simulations, team exercises, group discussions, videos, or lectures.', 'Schedule classes based on availability of classrooms, equipment, or instructors.', 'Offer specific training programs to help workers maintain or improve job skills.', 'Monitor, evaluate, or record training activities or program effectiveness.', 'Attend meetings or seminars to obtain information for use in training programs or to inform management of training program status.', 'Coordinate recruitment and placement of training program participants.', 'Evaluate training materials prepared by instructors, such as outlines, text, or handouts.', 'Develop alternative training methods if expected improvements are not seen.', 'Assess training needs through surveys, interviews with employees, focus groups, or consultation with managers, instructors, or customer representatives.', 'Select and assign instructors to conduct training.', 'Devise programs to develop executive potential among employees in lower-level positions.', 'Negotiate contracts with clients for desired training outcomes, fees, or expenses.', 'Refer trainees to employer relations representatives, to locations offering job placement assistance, or to appropriate social services agencies, if warranted.', 'Prepare information regarding design, structure specifications, materials, color, equipment, estimated costs, or construction time.', 'Consult with clients to determine functional or spatial requirements of structures.', 'Prepare contract documents for building contractors.', 'Integrate engineering elements into unified architectural designs.', 'Administer construction contracts.', 'Represent clients in obtaining bids or awarding construction contracts.', 'Prepare operating and maintenance manuals, studies, or reports.', 'Compute load and grade requirements, water flow rates, or material stress factors to determine design specifications.', 'Inspect project sites to monitor progress and ensure conformance to design specifications and safety or sanitation standards.', 'Direct or participate in surveying to lay out installations or establish reference points, grades, or elevations to guide construction.', 'Estimate quantities and cost of materials, equipment, or labor to determine project feasibility.', 'Prepare or present public reports on topics such as bid proposals, deeds, environmental impact statements, or property and right-of-way descriptions.']
17993

len(columns)

17993

for i in range(1, len(columns), 20):
    chunk[columns[i:i+20]].info()
    break

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 10 entries, 0 to 9
Data columns (total 20 columns):
 #   Column                                                                                                                                                                             Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------                                                                                                                                                                             --------------  -----  
 0   Resolve customer complaints regarding sales and service.                                                                                                                           10 non-null     float64
 1   Monitor customer preferences to determine focus of sales efforts.                                                                                                                  10 non-null     float64
 2   Determine price schedules and discount rates.                                                                                                                                      10 non-null     float64
 3   Review operational records and reports to project sales and determine profitability.                                                                                               10 non-null     float64
 4   Confer or consult with department heads to plan advertising services and to secure information on equipment and customer specifications.                                           10 non-null     float64
 5   Advise dealers and distributors on policies and operating procedures to ensure functional effectiveness of business.                                                               10 non-null     float64
 6   Prepare budgets and approve budget expenditures.                                                                                                                                   10 non-null     float64
 7   Represent company at trade association meetings to promote products.                                                                                                               10 non-null     float64
 8   Plan and direct staffing, training, and performance evaluations to develop and control sales and service programs.                                                                 10 non-null     float64
 9   Visit franchised dealers to stimulate interest in establishment or expansion of leasing programs.                                                                                  10 non-null     float64
 10  Oversee regional and local sales managers and their staffs.                                                                                                                        10 non-null     float64
 11  Direct clerical staff to keep records of export correspondence, bid requests, and credit collections, and to maintain current information on tariffs, licenses, and restrictions.  10 non-null     float64
 12  Direct foreign sales and service outlets of an organization.                                                                                                                       10 non-null     float64
 13  Assess marketing potential of new and existing store locations, considering statistics and expenditures.                                                                           10 non-null     float64
 14  Direct or coordinate the supportive services department of a business, agency, or organization.                                                                                    10 non-null     float64
 15  Set goals and deadlines for the department.                                                                                                                                        10 non-null     float64
 16  Prepare and review operational reports and schedules to ensure accuracy and efficiency.                                                                                            10 non-null     float64
 17  Analyze internal processes and recommend and implement procedural or policy changes to improve operations, such as supply changes or the disposal of records.                      10 non-null     float64
 18  Acquire, distribute and store supplies.                                                                                                                                            10 non-null     float64
 19  Plan, administer, and control budgets for contracts, equipment, and supplies.                                                                                                      10 non-null     float64
dtypes: float64(20)
memory usage: 1.7 KB

	field_name
0	Medicine
1	Basic Skills
2	Business
3	English Literature
4	English Literature
...	...
281148	Women's Studies
281149	Women's Studies
281150	Women's Studies
281151	Women's Studies
281152	Women's Studies

	id	year	field_name	institution_name	UnitID	state_code	city	syllabi_cnt	syllabi_probability
11	100011	2003	Computer Science	Illinois Central College	145682	IL	East Peoria	1	0.9360
36	100036	2002	Computer Science	Lake Superior State University	170639	MI	Sault Ste. Marie	1	0.9910
37	100037	2004	Computer Science	Lake Superior State University	170639	MI	Sault Ste. Marie	1	0.9970
172	100172	2000	Computer Science	William Paterson University	187444	NJ	Wayne	1	0.9780
173	100173	2001	Computer Science	William Paterson University	187444	NJ	Wayne	1	0.9624
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
280786	380786	2013	Computer Science	Windward Community College	141990	HI	Kāne‘ohe	7	0.9614
280787	380787	2014	Computer Science	Windward Community College	141990	HI	Kāne‘ohe	12	0.8200
280788	380788	2015	Computer Science	Windward Community College	141990	HI	Kāne‘ohe	12	0.8154
280789	380789	2016	Computer Science	Windward Community College	141990	HI	Kāne‘ohe	11	0.8794
280790	380790	2017	Computer Science	Windward Community College	141990	HI	Kāne‘ohe	27	0.8380

	id	Review art or design materials.	Study details of musical compositions.	Review production information to determine costume or makeup requirements.	Study scripts to determine project requirements.	Read materials to determine needed actions.	Read maps to determine routes.	Review customer information.	Read work orders or other instructions to determine product specifications or materials requirements.	Read technical information needed to perform maintenance or repairs.	...	Acquire supplies or equipment.	Prescribe treatments or therapies.	Control prescription refills or authorizations.	Prescribe medications.	Prescribe assistive medical devices or related treatments.	Monitor availability of equipment or supplies.	Inventory materials or equipment.	Inventory medical supplies or equipment.	Monitor inventories of products or materials.	Monitor resources.
3	100003	0.3909	0.381000	0.239700	0.455600	0.445300	0.281000	0.287400	0.302500	0.266400	...	0.279800	0.164600	0.154500	0.140400	0.169100	0.236200	0.2374	0.240000	0.267000	0.229700
4	100004	0.2999	0.352586	0.289243	0.438029	0.442086	0.269114	0.270257	0.228714	0.257471	...	0.196457	0.168703	0.157221	0.127176	0.168874	0.259586	0.2038	0.218929	0.255743	0.233643

课程大纲简要¶

将 O*NET DWAs to Abilities 数据¶

DWA score¶

task scores¶

课程大纲 简要¶

将 O*NET DWAs to Abilities 数据¶

DWA score¶

task scores¶

课程大纲简要¶